CARL ROGERS PERSON-CENTRED APPROACH

CARL ROGERS PERSON-CENTRED APPROACH Introduction Carl Rogers (1902-1987) a psychologist developed the person-centred approach theory mainly in relation to the therapist and the client and initially named it the client-centred approach. Rogers later referred to this theory as person-centred rather than patient-centred in order not to reduce the individual’s autonomy and consequently lend the client to difficulties. The approach therefore is to turn individuals (clients) into subjects of their own therapy. In his theory it was noted that individuals are endowed with the power of self actualization and through their own perception of resources inherent in them, they can provide remedy for change in their difficult situations, provided a facilitating environment exists This view as expressed by Rogers implied that every person has a tendency to grow and attain a certain level of actualization. He observed that in order to allow the client (person) asses his/her own wisdom and self defeating behaviours and also enga ge in therapeutic movement with the therapist, there must be a conducive climate. Three conditions were identified for this relationship to thrive favourably: Genuineness (Congruence), Empathy and Unconditional Positive Regard. GENUINENESS (Congruence) In this relationship the therapist is expected to show a real sense of genuine attitude towards the client’s feelings and thoughts, be willing and ever present to assist them in whatever situation they may be. He should be transparent and discourage the attitude of being the superior in the situation. This attitude would in turn retain a high sense of confidence in the client towards realization of him/herself in therapy. Any deviation from this attitude renders the process unworkable. UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD (Total Acceptance) According to Rogers, the therapist in this situation must show non-judgemental and total acceptance to the client’s feelings and his perceptive world as a whole to enhance his process of rec overy. This total acceptance of the client’s attitude and perception should be devoid of whatsoever differences that might exist between them either culturally or socially. However in doing so the therapist should ensure the safety and security of the client. EMPATHETIC UNDERSTANDING In his theory, showing empathy refers to the ability of the therapist to show positive sensitivity to the client’s world, his perception towards recovery and also communicate his feelings to the client. This will convey a special meaning to the client of his relationship with the therapist and consequently solidify their mutual relationship towards the expected therapeutic movement. Rogers continue to state that any deviation from these attitudes on the part of the therapist makes it difficult for the process to continue. This empathetic attitude is more exhibited by therapists who are more confident about their own identity and can cope with other person’s world without any fear. P ERSON-CENTREDNESS AS A CONCEPT Person-centeredness a concept in health care delivery has poor and conflicting definitions over the years and is considered one of the best ways of health care delivery in which patients are valued as individuals (Winfield et al. 1996). It has further been observed by

Business Report Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Report - Dissertation Example Moreover, this strategy also depends upon the institutional framework, regulatory and economic development policies. Aim This study will propose and develop several new tourism strategic policies and planning frameworks for Singapore on the basis of imaginary scenario. Bali, Kuala Lumpur and Bangkok are the three major international airports near Singapore. These airports have been closed down due to several natural calamities and disasters. The tourism policies and plan will help Singapore to clatter the extra demand from these affected countries. Scope However, it has been identified that the tourism industry in Singapore has incurred significant losses during the global economic slowdown of 2007-09 and after that Asian Financial Crisis era. The growth rate of Singapore’s tourism industry has declined by 9.2 percent in 2010. At that point of time, the Singapore Tourism Board assumed that the country has the potential to attain a target of 17 million international visitorâ₠¬â„¢s arrival. Moreover, the board had a target of 30 billion Singaporean dollar revenue. According to some recent facts, figures and information of tourism industry and present economic scenario, it can be stated that the target would be challenging enough (Bagozzi, Gopinath, & Nyer, 1999, p.12). Growth Rate in Next Five Years The tourism industry of Singapore will feel huge pressure in order to control the crowd of several international and domestic touri sts as the three international airports, such as Bali, Bangkok and Kuala Lumpur have between closed down due to the natural calamities. The tourism industry and government should implement plans and policies collaboratively. Singapore is one of the leading tourist destinations in the South-East Asia (Balderjahn, 1988, p.7). Almost 10 million people used to visit the country in every year. Their modes of transport are airlines and cruise. The next parts will propose several tourism plans and policies and implication of those polic ies. The government should look to increase the number of airport in order to control the increasing number of tourists. Moreover, the government should approve the licensing of casinos. These implications will help the industry to grow in next five years. Moreover, by the implementations of plans and tourism policies, the tourism industry will be able to achieve 100% growth in the first year and 50% in next four years. Answer 1: Identification and Explanation of Policies and Plans In the current situation of declined growth of tourism industry in Singapore, it can be recommended that the tourism board and authorities of the country need to develop and implement several effective strategic policies to boost the growth of this industry. In this report there are few important policies and plans have been recommended for the growth of this industry in Singapore. Five Year Economic Plan Next five year economic plan of Singapore should focus on the development of tourism industry. Under this five year plan, several approaches can be suggested. National tourism policy, rural tourism policy, community based tourism policy and nature based tourism pol

Statistics for managers individual work wk12 Coursework

Statistics for managers individual work wk12 - Coursework Example From the foregoing, QC can be referred to as the technical undertakings used to ascertain that the gathered data are sufficient for the purposes of quality assessment. This comprises feedback mechanisms to ensure undertakings are operating as intended and planned, and to confirm that processes being done satisfactorily (Evans, and Olson, 2010). For instance, to ensure reliability and effectiveness of RTWQ (Real-Time Water Quality) Monitoring Program, QC procedures must be executed. The QC program components may include: maintenance and inspection of installation of RTWQ station, regular calibration and maintenance of the probe alongside its sensors, and collection of grab sample of water quality at the reinstallation period of the probe to be taken to the laboratory for assessment, among others. In theory, quality control for analytic performance comprises two complementary events: external QC and internal QC. The external QC entails reference aid from several other laboratories and involvement in international and/or national inter-laboratory data and sample exchange programs (skill testing; third line control) (Evans, and Olson, 2010). On the other hand, the internal QC entails the in-house processes for continual monitoring of tasks and systematic daily checking of the generated data whether such are adequately reliable to be out. The processes mainly monitor the partiality of data with the aid of control samples as well as the precision using duplicate analyses of the control samples and/or the test samples (Evans, and Olson, 2010). These events happen at batch level (second line control). Data modeling refers to the process utilized to described and assesses data necessities required to back the business operations within the extent of corresponding systems of information in corporations. The data modeling process, therefore, entails expert data modelers operating closely with corporate shareholders, alongside prospective

Leon Garfields Novel Smith Essay -- Leon Garfield Novel Smith

How Does Leon Garfield structure the novel ‘Smith’ to keep the reader interested? Leon Garfield uses cliffhangers and other techniques to draw the reader into the world that Smith lives in. I am going to explain how the author uses a variety of emotions and moods. As well as that, I am going to discuss how the author links social history with the plot. Then, I am going to clarify how well the ending resolves the readers’ questions. Finally, I am going to expose how the author uses elements of style to his advantage. The first point I will talk about is how the author uses a variety of emotions and moods such as humour and horror. â€Å"Quick,† whispered Miss Bridgit, handsome in her Tuesday best, â€Å"under my skirt, child.† This is humorous as Smith was escaping gaol at that time and you would never dream of escaping under someone’s skirt. This is also horror as the skirt will have been taken off a dead woman, and to think of wearing a dead woman’s clothes is ghastly and unthinkable. Also we are scared as Miss Bridgit could be caught and be punished severely for ...

I Love School Essay

Doors and windows -It is suggested to use wooden door and window frames instead of concrete or steel. Framing Timber framing -naturally sound insulated -strong structure -construction times are less Recycled steel framing -It’s easy to use when contractors are building your house -less framing material compared to wood but will still be the same structure if you used wood. -Walls, roof and ceilings will not change due to the weather changes -they do not rot, absorb moisture or create mould -resistant against termites Roofing Cool roofing -once the product is painted onto your roof the sun is reflected away. it can be painted on wood, concrete, plaster, metal and glass. -when it’s hot it is preferred that you wear white instead of black, cool roofing is where it reflects the sun and stays cooler because it’s a white colour -cost more than normal roofing but once it starts to work it lowers your bill. -having the roof that you probably have on your house now can re ach temperatures of over 70 degrees storing more heat into your house, cool roofing’s temperature only goes to 20-35 degrees at most without insulation leaving your house cooler and saving you from paying heavy cooling bills. Authentic roof made from recycled materials -been said that it’s virtually unbreakable -they are extremely light weight -has UV protection which stops it from fading -contains no toxin materials Roof tiles -colour will not fade, rust or corrode -are a natural thermal insulator. In winter they keep the cold air out and the heat in. In summer they keep the heat out and cold in -natural sound insulator -they are heat resistance; therefore they provide protection against bush fires -made with naturally occurring clay which can be recycled into new clay tiles and bricks Insulation Spray foam insulation -75% noise reduction reduces mould and condensation growth -saves on electricity bills Structural insulation panels -50% more energy efficient -40% less construction time -the core of the panels is made of Expanded Polystyrene which is made from using a low-environmental process which means it does not contain any major carbons. The Oriented Strand Board which is an engineered wood product is made from harvesting a fast growing crop forest which makes the materials renewable and sustainable. -fire resistant -can be used for floors, foundations and basements -bricks and stone can be installed on the panels SIP’s are also used as walls although you can put stone, or brick over the top of it. There is no need for painting as SIP’s come in a range of colour. recycled denim -made from old jeans that have been cleaned, stripped and covered in boric acid which is mould, fire and insect resistant -doesn’t contain any throat or skin irritations -creates a greater sound barrier -its 100% recyclable -requires small amount of energy to manufacture -doesn’t itch and easy to handle -when the insulation gets wet its manufactured to breathe and release the moisture. Also contains active mould inhibitors recycled paper 100% recyclable -takes 10 times less energy to produce than half of the other insulation -non-corrosive -doesn’t support mould or fungus growth -it reduces overheating and overcooling also good for sound insulation Heating/cooling Solar smart breeze -collects solar energy from under a tile or timber roof and cools the house in summer and heats it in winter Spilt system -energy efficient when compared to portable and window air conditioners Hyd ronic heating -uses radiant warmth. Evaporative cooling -uses natural air Smartbreeze -reduces 40% greenhouse gases -saves energy and electricity bills can also work at night providing nocturnal cooling how it works with a metal roof heating. During winter and cold days there can be a build-up of warm heated air between the roof, sheets and foils. The air is dragged to the smartbreeze unit and the fan energised by the solar panel that’s placed on your roof force the warm air through ceiling vents and into your living spaces creating a warmer environment. Cooling during the day during hot weather hot air builds up into your roof. The solar energised fans force the now cold air into your living space which then reduces the temperature. Roof ventilation Avoiding a build up of moisture in winter and to reduce an excessive heat build up in the summer -Some benefits are – lowing energy bills, greater comfort in home, ensure the health of your family -Removes dust which enters through tiny gaps of the house structure increasing your health. Gardening fake grass Regal grass -100% recycled -Contains no harmful toxins or heavy metals -no infill like sand is needed for the insulation -not spiky like real grass, soft to touch and walk on -doesn’t need to be mowed, therefore low maintenance is needed. There is no need to sweep away the excess grass that’s left over. Termiturf -no watering, mowing or fertilizing -its low maintenance -doesn’t lose colour or fade real grass -Needs to be watered at least once a week -Needs to be mowed, the petrol from the lawn mower pollutes the air -Needs to be fertilized, using fertilizer is bad because the chemicals that are in it get washed into either, rivers, oceans and lakes. That causes algae to grow and creatures that live in the water or drink the water. grey water -grey water is collected from you shower, bath or washing machine, it is then diverted into a pump called the waste water system, once the water flows hrough the pump it is then diverted into your garden. -it can save up to 350-700L per day -less energy and chemical use -lower water bills Drip irrigation -weed growth is reduces because between plants the areas aren’t irrigated -constant moisture which improves growth in plants -you don’t need to move them around like a sprinkler, they can stay there permenately -decreased fe rtilizer cost -60% more efficiency over sprinkler systems Flooring Cork flooring -made from trees. The trees are not cut down, they are made from the bark which grows back every 3 years -cork flooring contains a low or no VOC (volatile organic compound).

The Role Of Project Management Arrangements And The Sqa...

THE ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS CIS 517 IT PROJECT MANAGEMENT DR. ROMY LU STRAYER UNIVERSITY SUNIL PAUDEL 10/27/2015 A project is a combined activity which is carried out by group of peoples with a similar aim. The properties of entities are known as attributes. The project management arrangements include the following: †¢ Identifies the SQA obligations of the undertaking group and the SQA specialist. †¢ Defines SJ-RT audits and reviews and how they will be directed. †¢ Lists the exercises, procedures, and work items that the SQA expert will survey and review. †¢ Identifies the SQA work items. The project management is mostly used in production industry as well as in IT†¦show more content†¦Business Requirements Provide Web-based access to cars inventory. Capability to provide more details to customers about a particular model, provide pictures and other details to customers. Business Values Increase sales by 3%, increase market share by 1%, Increase customer base up to 200miles of reach from the dealer. Special Issues Need a team who will keep the website updated, and take customer queries, Increase cost of implementing the system and training the sales team. A manager is a person who is responsible for providing the communication among all the different channels of the system or project. While accomplishing the necessary trade-offs there would be some confusion to which most of the options would be pursued as the main objective of the system elements which conducts the various analysis trade-offs that are used to determine the important and best way so as to respond to the question of how. Project manager assign the work to the members but he has to motivate them to reach the desired results. Motivation helps the members to improve their performance. The points to show the organization of work storage area are as given below: †¢ There are three areas set up in which the programmers work. †¢ These areas are can be at different physical locations, on server or separate server. †¢ The three areas are divided as the development area, testing area and a production area. †¢ The files andShow MoreRelatedEducational System of Uk and Pakistan5961 Words   |  24 Pages Abstract This paper addresses the comparisons of the education system of Pakistan and the UK from six dimensions i.e. education and training authority, educational structure, curriculum formulation, assessment and evaluation, supervision and management, and teacher education and training. The results revealed that against all these six dimensions, similarities and differences exist within four provinces of Pakistan, but these are relatively more prominent while comparing the four countries inRead MoreLeadership for Health and Social Care and Children65584 Words   |  263 Pages100/4794/3 and the 3078 Level 4 NVQ in Leadership and Management for Care Services 500/4105/8 Learner logbook and Smartscreen Consult the Walled Garden/Online Catalogue for last dates City Guilds number 3978-51 Accreditation number 600/0573/7 Support materials Registration and certification Title and level Level 5 Diploma in Leadership for Health and Social Care and Children and Young People’s Services (Children and Young People’s Residential Management) Level 5 Diploma in Leadership for Health and

A Risk Analysis Of Grasim Industries Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1797 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? GRASIM INDUSTRIES is one of the leaders in cement industry. It is apart of ADITYA BIRLA GROUP. It is the second largest producer of cement after ACC limited. KUMAR MANGALAM BIRLA is the chairman of Grasim industries. RISK ANALYSIS RISKS FOR GRASIM INDUSTRIES Some of the key risks affecting the Company are illustrated below: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Risk Analysis Of Grasim Industries Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Economic Risk Due to the opening of world trade and diminishing tariffs, the Company is faced with the threat of pressure on margins on products. To counter these, the Company stepped up its focus on value added products by upgrading and expanding manufacturing capacities and increasing RD. In addition, structural cost optimisation and cost control measures have been initiated. BUBBLE BURST Secondly,with the SUBPRIME CRISIS in USA which led to global turmoil to the world economy and led to the fall in the prices of real estate is one of the biggest risk being faced by GRASIM. Competitor Risk The market is highly competitive with the elimination of fiscal barriers and inroads of large corporates into the country with inorganic growth strategies. The Company continues to focus on increasing its market share and taking marketing initiatives that help customers in making informed decisions. Project Execution Risk The Company is in the process of setting up cement capacities and captive thermal power plants. The project execution is largely dependent upon land purchase, project management skills, timely delivery by the equipment suppliers and adherence to schedule by civil contractors. Any delay in project implementation will impact revenues and profit for that period. The Company is continuously reviewing the project execution to ensure that the implementation schedules are adhered. Human Resource Risk The Companys ability to deliver value also depends on its ability to attract, train, motivate, empower and retain the best professional talents. These abilities have to be developed across Companys rapidly expanding operations. There is significant competition from emerging service sectors, which poses inherent risks associated with the ability to hire and retain skilled and experienced professionals. The Company continuously benchmarks HR policies and practices with the best in the industry and carries out necessary improvements to attract and retain best talent and build intellectual capital. Foreign Exchange Risk The Companys policy is to hedge its long-term foreign exchange risk as well as short-term exposures within the defined parameters. The long-term foreign exchange liability is fully hedged, and hedges are on held to maturity basis. As imports (including capital goods import) exceeded exports, the Company has suitably hedged the differential short-term exposure from time to time to appropriately manage the currency risk. Interest Rate Risk The Company is exposed to interest rate fluctuations on its borrowings. It uses a judicious mix of fixed and floating rate debts within the stipulated parameters. The Company continuously monitors its interest rate exposures and whenever required, uses hedging tools to minimise interest rate risk. Commodity Price Risk The Company is exposed to the risk of price fluctuation on raw materials, energy sources as well as finished goods. However, considering the normal correlation in the prices of raw materials and finished goods, the risk is reduced. The Companys strategy of backward integration, like pulp and caustic soda for VSF, helps in minimising the effect of increase in prices of raw materials. Setting up of captive power plants aids in controlling the impact of rise in energy cost, which is a major cost element. Forward integration in value added products, e.g., specialty fibre in VSF, ready mix concrete in cement, wall care putty in white cement enables to reduce the impact of price fluctuation in the finished goods. RISKS FACED BY CEMENT INDUSTRY ECONOMIC RISK The first major risk faced by the cement industry is the current market situation i.e recession, sub prime crisis, bubble burst, fall in the prices of real estate high interest rates on housing loans inflation. All these factors are a threat to cement industry as the are the forces of demand for the cement in the market. COMPETITORS RISK INDIAN CEMENT INDUSTRY is facing a tough competiton with CHINESE CEMENT INDUSTRY AND PAKISTAN which is creating a threat to our domestic market. LACK OF RESOURCES COAL-the major problem There is lack of resources which creates problem for the cement industry in meeting its demand. Since coalfields like BCCL supply a poor quality of coal, NCL and CCL the industry has to blend high-grade coal with it. The Indian coal has a low calorific value (3,500-4,000 kcal/kg) with ash content as high as 25-30% compared to imported coal of high calorific value (7,000-8,000 kcal/kg) with low ash content 6-7% which ultimately increases the price of the cement. ELECTRICITY Another major hindrance to the industry is severe power cuts. Most of the cement producing states like AP, MP experience power cuts to the tune of 25-30% every year causing substantial production loss. INFRASTRUCTURE-TRANSPORTATION There is also the problem of inadequate availability of wagons especially on western railways and southeastern railways. GOVERNMENT POLICIES RISK Government policies have affected the growth of cement plants in India in various stages. The control on cement for a long time and then partial decontrol and then total decontrol has contributed to the gradual opening up of the market for cement producers. OTHER SECTOR RISKS CEMENT INDUSTRY has direct risk from reality sector and petroleum sector.the demand for the infrastructure developments and prices of crude oil in the foreign market and interest rates of our monetary policies directly impact our CEMENT INDUSTRY. TECHNOLOGICAL RISKS/OPERATIONAL RISK Another risk faced by the cement industry is the upgradation of technology which involves huge costs. huge costs are involved in setting up of plants with latest technology and their is a risk of human resource as well linked to it. RISK MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES The Company is exposed to risks from market fluctuations of foreign exchange and interest rate. SO the various risk management techniques followed by Grasim are- The Company has a comprehensive risk management policy. The risk management inter alia provides for review of the risk assessment and mitigation procedure, laying down procedure to inform/report the Board in the matter and for periodical review of the procedure to ensure that executive management controls the risks through a properly defined framework. Foreign Exchange Risk The Companys policy is to hedge its long-term foreign exchange risk as well as short-term exposures within defined parameters. Currently, the Company has a small long-term foreign ex change liability of Rs. 20 crores which is partially hedged. The short-term exposures are covered from time to time. The Companys aggregate exports stood at Rs.101.8 crores and imports at Rs.400.6 croresin FY09. Due to the excess of imports over exports, the Company has suitably hedged the differential exposure. Interest Rate Risk The Company is exposed to interest rate fluctuations on its Rupee denominated borrowings. The Company uses judicious mix of fixed and variable rate debts within the stipulated parameters. The company does not perceive interest rate fluctuations as a significant risk, having any material impact on its profitability. COMMODITY RISK TECHNIQUE The Company is exposed to the risk of price fluctuation on raw materials, energy sources as well as finished goods. However, considering the normal correlation in the prices of raw materials and finished goods, the risk is reduced. The Companys strategy of backward integration, like pulp and caust ic soda for VSF, helps in minimising the effect of increase in prices of raw materials. RISK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM For the operational risk management they have adopted RIS i.e risk management system which deals in .Specialized risk management training Safety Audit Studies Fire and Explosion Investigations Electrical Safety Audits POST IMPLICATIONS OF RISK MANAGEMENT After the implementation of various techniques the GRASIM INDUSTRIES is able to optimize its risks. The Companys cement volumes grew by 6% during the years as the benefit of new capacities accrued only towards the later part of the year. All major costs decreased. The market coverage of Ready Mix Concrete has increased substantially with large capacity expansions in the last year. Its volumes increased by 24%. Both volumes and realisation were good for White Cement. The value added product Wall Care Putty registered a 40% growth. Sales volume grew from 14.52 million tonnes in FY 07 to 15.54 million tonnes in FY08, a growth of 7%. The Company successfully transited the Birla Plus brand to UltraTech Cement The Engineers Choice for a common brand identity across the country. Upgrading the Companys pollution control equipments on a continuous basis for better efficiency R N D facilities- RD was also focused on improving the processes in plants to achieve better energy consumption and reduced emissions to the environment. Future plans are towards development of new products and utilisation of waste fuels to reduce carbon foot print. The foundation stone for the White Cement RD Centre namely Aditya Research Development Centre (ARDC) was laid on 20th December, 2008. Improved decision-making, planning and prioritizing skills. Well-organized allocation of the resources and the capital. Allowed anticipate the problems and utilizes the best minimizing amount of fire fighting and preventing a disaster, which could lead to sever financial crunch. Risk management significantly improved the probability of the delivery of the business plan, within the time frame and budget. Stratergic investment by acquiring 12.89% equity in Larsen and Toubro. The Business has also enhanced its investment in Ready Mix Concrete, with excellent customer response in the markets being served. Moreover, the Business was able to reduce its cost of sales per tonne through expanded use of alternative fuels, a reduction in the freight cost, a voluntary retirement scheme at one of its major plants and various other process initiatives. In addition, the Company commissioned its new 1.0 Mn.tpa Grinding Unit at Bhatinda in Punjab. An outlay of over Rs. 460 Crores in the last 2 years was committed towards capital investment in support of these priorities; and this programme is being continued in the current fiscal. Improved throughput, reduced power costs and increased process efficiencies are the targeted outcome of this Programme. Continuous technological upgrading and assimilation of latest technology has been going on in the cement industry. Presently 93 per cent of the total capacity in the industry is based on modern and environment-friendly dry process technology and only 7 per cent of the capacity is based on old wet and semi-dry process technology. CONCLUSION The cement industry is one of the main beneficiaries of the infrastructure boom. With robust demand and adequate supply, the industry has bright future. The cement sector is expected to witness growth in line with the economic growth because of the strong co-relation with GDP. As far as GRASIM INDUSTRIES is concerned the company is moving at a faster rate and risk management techniques has helped it to sustain and earn profits at the time of consolidated slowdown inflationary market.